An experiment in the split plot factorial design using the randomized complete block design was conducted in Damghan, Semnan Province, Iran in the cropping year 2012-2013 to study the effects of irrigation cessation (based on the phenological stages of the plants) on phys-iological characteristics of forage millet cultivars. The treatments included three irrigation levels (the control with full irrigation, irrigation cessation when flowering started, and irrigation cessation when flowering ended) in the main plots, and applying nitroxinbiofertilizer (+) and not applying nitroxinbiofertilizer (control) and forage millet cultivars (Bastan, Pishahang, and Isfahan) in the subplots. The maximum water-soluble carbohydrates contents were observed in the cultivar Bastan (8.91%, respectively), the highest contents of fiber and water (74.17 and 48.83%, respectively) in the treatment of irrigation cessation when flowering started, and the largest proline concentration (1.90 mol/g-1ww-1 in the treatment of irrigation cessation when flowering started. Millet tolerated high levels of drought under conditions of irrigation cessation and Nitroxin, as a biological fertiliz-er, was useful in producing a good quality crop. The very rapid growth of millet, its short growing season, drought tolerance, unique feature with regard to harvest time, and its response to nitroxinbiofertilizer can help to expand its cultivation in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran.

Background: Although there is strong evidence that behavioral counseling improves quit rates, limited data are available on individualized smoking cessation counseling provided to female smokers because they often are hesitant to identify as smokers. This study aimed to elucidate factors related to smoking cessation among Korean women who participated in the smoking cessation outreach program. Methods: This retrospective descriptive study used data retrieved from the Korea Health Promotion Institute. The data included individual participant characteristics, supportive services received, and self-reported smoking cessation outcomes from June 1, 2015, to December 31, 2017. Results: Data from 709 women were analyzed. We found cessation rates of 43. 3% (confidence interval [CI] = 0. 40, 0. 47) at four weeks, 28. 6% (CI = 0. 25, 0. 32) at 12 weeks, and 21. 6% (CI = 0. 19, 0. 25) at six months. Significant determinants of quitting at six months were regular exercise (odds ratio [OR] = 3. 02,95% CI = 1. 28, 3. 29,P = 0. 009) and the number of counseling sessions during the first four weeks of the program (OR = 1. 26,95% CI = 1. 04, 1. 82,P = 0. 041). Conclusion: Providing intensive counseling during initial phase of smoking cessation program and regular exercise would be effective strategies for smoking cessation programs for women smokers to promote their health.

Background: This study describes the status of 548 smokers who participated in the monthly quitting course of the first" Smoking Cessation Clinic" in Iran between the years 1998 through 2000.Materials and Methods: All the target population completed the educational courses, which consisted of 7 sessions of 90 minutes in the groups of 6-15. Cigarette intake per/day among the smokers was: in 92 cases (16.9%) less than 10 cigarettes, in 262 (48.1%) between 11-20 cigarettes, and in the remaining 191 (35%)more than 20 cigarettes.Results: The percentages of cessation in these threegroupswere95.7%,89.3%, and 83.8%respectively.Thisshowsthat the quitting rates among those who smoke less are significantly high (X2 for trend: p=0.003).Among them, 193(35.2%) attended all the visits regularly, 177(32.3%) were absent for one session and 178(32.5%) for 2-3 sessions. The quitting percentage in these groups were 94.8%, 93.8%, and 75.8% respectively, the relationship remains Significantly associated with the lower absence rate (p=0.0001).There was no significant difference between the percentage of men and women who failed to complete the educational monthly course for any reasons (p=0.72).Besides, no significant difference was observed between both genders who had succeeded to quit (p=0.12). Conclusion: The results confirm that the cessation rate in those who have smoked less cigarettes and attended the clinic courses more regularly were significantly more successful than the others.

Introduction: Smoking is considered as the first preventable cause of mortality worldwide. Smoking cessation is influenced by many factors including social, familial and individual aspects. High nicotine dependency is a remarkable cause that makes cessation laborious for the smoker. There are many modalities to estimate the rate of nicotine dependency in practice among which Fagerstrom test is one of the most suitable, practical and noninvasive ways.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. Data was obtained by questionnaire from all smokers who had participated in teaching-healing courses of Tehran smoking cessation clinic during 2001-2003. Nicotine dependency rate was evaluated via Fagerstrom test. Cessation was investigated by subject's declaration of nonsmoking after the third session of the course, then it was confirmed by measuring the expiratory carbon monoxide titer. Data was analyzed by SPSS software using T-test and Chi-Square test.Results: There were 987 entrants in the study in which 786 persons (79.9%) were male. Evaluation of nicotine dependency rate showed that more than half (544 persons, 52%) of the smokers had moderate dependency and 112 smokers (11.4%) had low dependency. The success rate in cessation at the end of the course was 89.6% (642 persons) which was obtained by subtracting the eliminated group. Correlation of cessation results at the end of course with nicotine depended rate (Fagerstrom test) in participants reveals that there are three states: Success, Failure and discontinuation of survey. The maximum rate of success in cessation was among the smokers with low nicotine dependency (79 persons, 70.5%) and the minimum one belongs to smokers with high nicotine dependency (323 persons, 59.4%) (P<0.001).Conclusion: It seems that smokers with high nicotine dependency had a poor opportunity to become successful. Hence it is recommended to draw special attention to hold particular courses with longer duration and multi-drug therapy for cessation of patients with high dependency.

Background: Smoking is considered as the first preventable cause o mortality worldwide. There are many predictive factors on cessation including social, family and individual issues. High nicotin depeudency is one of the effective causes that makes the cessation harder for the smoker. There are quite a few ways to estimate the rate of nicotin dependency in practice and one of the most sutable and noninvasive ways is fagerstrom test. Materials and Methods: This is a study. Data obtained frome all smokers who had participated in the group therapy smoking cessation courses of Tehran smoking cessation clinic. The questionnaires were designed based on these data and Nicotine dependency rate was evaluated via Fagerstrom test (FT).The smokers declared that they were not smoking since the third session of the cessation course, then this claim confirmed by testing the expiratory carbonmonoxide rate. Finally the obtained data were analyzed by T-test and chi-squre test via spss version 12.Results: There were 987 samples in the study in which 786 persons (79.6%) were males. Evaluation of the nicotine dependency rate showed that more than half of the smokers (544 persons, 52%) had high dependency, 330 smokers (33.8%) had the average dependency and 112 smokers (11.4%)had the low dependency. At the end of the course, 642 person were successful and rate of cessation was 65% (nonsmoking even one puff after third session)and 73 persons were missed (27.6%). After diminishing the missing group, the rate success in cessation was 89.6%. The maximum rate of success in cessation was among the smokers with low Nicotine dependency (79 persons, 70.5%) and the minimum rate of success was among the smokers with high nicotine dependency (323 persons, 59.4%) (P=0.00) Conclusion: According to this study the smokers with high nicotine dependency had a poor opportunity to become successful, so its recommended to design special classes to follow them up in a longer period of time and use combination therapy for them.